Process Essay

Jeana Hughes English 101 Process Essay Draft February 19, 2013 No Bake Cookies Peanutbutter Chocolate No Bake Cookies recipe is one of the most easiest recipe I have ever made. My reason for saying this is because there is no baking involved. The steps for making is really quite easy. I am going to first start out with a list of ingredients and supplies I use. ? Cup Milk 2 sticks butter 2 Cups sugar ? Cup cocoa ? tsp vanilla 3 Cups quick oats ? Cup peanutbutter 8 Qt pan, 2 sheets waxpaper, and two spoonsI start out going ahead and laying out waxpaper so that it is ready when the cookie dough is done. I then get my pan on the stove. I add the milk, sticks of butter, sugar and cocoa. Once I have added all the ingredients I turn the stove on high. I stir constantly until mixture comes to a boil. I then let it boil without stirring for 1 minute. Then I remove from heat. Thus will bring me to my second step. I will then add the vanilla, quick oats, and peanutbutter, stirring mixture well. I consider this my third step. I bring my pan with the cookie dough over to where I have my wax paper layed out.I then use two teaspoons one for scooping and one for scraping off. I start getting teaspoonfuls of cookie dough and dropping it on wax paper. I continue doing this till all cookie dough is used. My final step is waiting. Usually if I have boiled the ingredients long enough the cookies will be ready in 30 minutes to an hour. I can tell this by pulling one of the cookies off the wax paper and it does not stick. I find this recipe to be very quick and easy. I hope if you attempt this recipe you will feel the same way. Process Essay Jeana Hughes English 101 Process Essay Draft February 19, 2013 No Bake Cookies Peanutbutter Chocolate No Bake Cookies recipe is one of the most easiest recipe I have ever made. My reason for saying this is because there is no baking involved. The steps for making is really quite easy. I am going to first start out with a list of ingredients and supplies I use. ? Cup Milk 2 sticks butter 2 Cups sugar ? Cup cocoa ? tsp vanilla 3 Cups quick oats ? Cup peanutbutter 8 Qt pan, 2 sheets waxpaper, and two spoonsI start out going ahead and laying out waxpaper so that it is ready when the cookie dough is done. I then get my pan on the stove. I add the milk, sticks of butter, sugar and cocoa. Once I have added all the ingredients I turn the stove on high. I stir constantly until mixture comes to a boil. I then let it boil without stirring for 1 minute. Then I remove from heat. Thus will bring me to my second step. I will then add the vanilla, quick oats, and peanutbutter, stirring mixture well. I consider this my third step. I bring my pan with the cookie dough over to where I have my wax paper layed out.I then use two teaspoons one for scooping and one for scraping off. I start getting teaspoonfuls of cookie dough and dropping it on wax paper. I continue doing this till all cookie dough is used. My final step is waiting. Usually if I have boiled the ingredients long enough the cookies will be ready in 30 minutes to an hour. I can tell this by pulling one of the cookies off the wax paper and it does not stick. I find this recipe to be very quick and easy. I hope if you attempt this recipe you will feel the same way.

Urdu As A Modern Language In The Uk Education Essay

AbstractionThe survey was designed to look into the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. British born Asians were the population of the survey. The survey was a study type which was delimited to the schools of Lancashire, Midlands and West Midlands and one school from each was the sample of the survey. Questionnaire was used as a research tool and 40 five questionnaires were distributed to roll up informations from which 40 responses could be possible. Parameters of involvement were, ages, background ( Natural ) , mother lingua, gender, topographic points of survey, instruction degrees and usage of Urdu. After analysis of informations, it was found that hereafter of Urdu in the UK is bright and it enjoys still most normally used community linguistic communication among Asians. Finally, countries of consideration are suggested that will let us to heighten the survey of Urdu and besides do it an instrument of societal development ( wellness, societal attention etc ) .Research inquiry and conte xt:â€Å" Urdu is a living linguistic communication and has a bright hereafter in the UK † . During the writer ‘s PGCE arrangement at School, the caput instructor said and by and large believed that Urdu is losing its entreaty to British born Asiatic scholars as ; parents prefer to learn a linguistic communication other than Urdu to their Children. The writer besides realized and observed that students have had less motivation towards Urdu as compared to other linguistic communications. So, in the visible radiation of the writer ‘s observations and the caput instructor ‘s positions the writer conducted a study to acquire a better image about the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. There may be a batch of grounds behind this deficiency of motive but the writer focused on following inquiries: Why is Urdu less appealing to British scholars? What are the beginnings of larning Urdu in the UK? What are the involvements of British Asians for larning Urdu? How do British Asiatics use Urdu linguistic communication in their day-to-day life? Which composing book of Urdu is preferred by British Asians in the UK? How is it possible to advance and continue Urdu through electronic and print media? Does Urdu necessitate a modern teaching method to get by with modern demands?Literature ReviewLanguage seems to hold many utilizations like, a agency of communicating, an instrument of conveying cognition and an look of cultural and originative impulses of a community. â€Å" A linguistic communication is the emblem of its talkers. Each linguistic communication determines a alone manner of sing the universe. It encapsulates the Torahs and traditions and beliefs of its cultural group. † ( R.M.W.Dixen.1997:135 ) . So is the instance with the linguistic communication of Urdu as, harmonizing to George Weber ‘s article Top Languages: â€Å" The World ‘s 10 Most Influential Languages in Language Today, Hindi/Urdu is the 4th most spoken linguistic communication in the universe, with 4.7 per centum of the universe ‘s population, after Mandarin, English, and Spanish † . Urdu is a South Asiatic linguistic communication spoken in Pakistan as a national linguistic communication ( Qaumi Zabaan ) . Urdu is besides one of the officially recognized linguistic communications in India and has official linguistic communication position in the Indian provinces of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and the national capital, New Delhi. In Indian administered Kashmir, Urdu is the primary official linguistic communication. It is the lone province in India where Urdu has been given such a position. Harmonizing to Mehrab on line study on International Urdu Conference â€Å" Urdu has no boundary and has its roots all over the universe † . BBC Urdu website provinces: â€Å" Urdu is closely related to Hindi. Urdu is spoken as a first linguistic communication by over 60 million people ( including 10 million in Pakistan and 48 million in India ) † . Masica ( 1991: 22 ) describes â€Å" Urdu as holding no specific territorial base, in the sense that there is no vicinity or set of vicinities in the Indian sub-continent that can be pointed out at as an Urdu-speaking country. † However, Urdu is demographically important in another manner as good. It is widely used as a 2nd linguistic communication throughout the Muslim communities of South Asia. As Schmidt ( 1999:16 ) says, â€Å" Urdu is besides spoken in Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal, and has become the cultural linguistic communication and lingua franca of the South Asiatic Muslim diasporas outside the subcontinent † .Urdu in BritainThe relationship between Urdu and Britain is non new ; it started around three and a half hundred old ages ago when the British entered into the sub-continent as a bargainer and established the East India Company. British studied in deepness the civilization, lingual, societal and economic background of the sub-continent and they realised that to obtain full political power they needed to larn the linguistic communication of the land. To carry through this intent they established Fort William College in Calcutta. It was founded on July 10, 1800. Harmonizing to Wikipedia â€Å" Fort William College was an academy and acquisition Centre for Oriental surveies established by Lord Wellesley, so Governor-General of British India † . Gilchrist was named caput of the college and he produced a batch of literature in Urdu. Queen Victoria hired an Indian Muslim to learn her Urdu and his portrayal can still be seen in the Royal Palace. Manama Afkaar Printed â€Å" Urdu in Britain † particular figure and on the rubric page there is a image of Queen Victoria with Munshi Abdul Karim ( the Queen ‘s Urdu Tutor ) . ( appendix1 ) John Joshua Keterlaer, the Dutch embassador to India, wrote Urdu ‘s first grammar circa 1715. Written in Latin, it was named ‘Grammatical Indostanica ‘ , as Indostan, Indostani, and Hindustani are among the different names Urdu has had through centuries. In 1741, Benjamin Schultz, a German missionary, wrote ‘Grammatica Indostanica ‘ in Latin. The first-ever grammar of Urdu in English was written by a MrGliston. John Gilchrist had besides written a grammar book of Urdu himself but it was a British military officer named Hadley who was credited with authorship and printing the first-ever grammar of Urdu in English. There were two national Urdu conferences held in the UK. The first was held at the SOAS on Saturday, 8th December, 1979. The 2nd Urdu national conference was called by the Urdu Majlis ( UK ) , the Centre for Multicultural Education and it ‘s took topographic point on April 24th-25th, 1981 in London. Both conferences were a immense success towards the function of Urdu instruction in the UK. Professor Ralph Russell was a British bookman of Urdu literature and his scholarly research earned him a unique and enduring topographic point among great names of Urdu literature. He did enormous work to advance and do Urdu popular in the UK. Harmonizing to Community linguistic communications in higher instruction study 2008 Urdu is top of the chart and it is most widely spoken community linguistic communication in the UK. See chart below: Beginning: Community languages in higher instruction study 2008, p11. Urdu is a linguistic communication spoken either as a first or 2nd linguistic communication by a subdivision of British Asiatic people, peculiarly those of Pakistani heritage. It is widely spoken in the UK by immigrants and their posterities. As stated by the BBC Urdu web site â€Å" The Urdu community in the UK Numberss about one million talkers. † The Urdu community in the UK is really much larger than the Hindi community. Most of those who identify themselves as Urdu talkers use a assortment of Punjabi as the linguistic communication of the place, and speak Urdu as a 2nd linguistic communication for spiritual and cultural grounds. The overpowering bulk comes from the West Punjab and the Mirpur territory of Azad Kashmir, but smaller groups of Gujarati Muslims from both India and East Africa besides use Urdu for spiritual intents as mentioned on the BBC web site. David Mathews mentioned in his address at the five-day International Urdu Conference held in Islamabad. â€Å" Urdu is recognized as the 4th international linguistic communication in the UK † . The version spoken in Britain is to a great extent laced with Punjabi and Mirpuri ( which is apparent in my study ) words and footings. The ground for this is that the bulk of UK occupants who are of Pakistani descent originally came from the Mirpur territory in northern Pakistan which is besides following to the Punjab. The Pakistani community is the 2nd largest of the three South Asiatic communities in Britain, with a population estimation of 899,000. Over 92 per cent of Pakistanis in Britain identify themselves as Muslim. Whilst a big proportion of the community is concentrated in London, it is more equally dispersed across the state than most other Muslim populations, with major colonies in the Midlands, Yorkshire and the North West. Harmonizing to CILT study 1995 Urdu is the most widely used community linguistic communication in England and 69 local instruction governments are offering Urdu instruction.MethodologyMethodology is a image of procedure which can be explained as suggested by ( Cohen et Al, 2003:44 ) , â€Å" the scope of attacks used in educational research to garner informations which are to be used as a footing for intervention and reading, for account and anticipation † For the intent of my research I have preferred to utilize a study as it can be â€Å" used to scan a broad field of issues, populations, programmes etc. In order to mensurate or depict any generalized characteristics † ( Cohen, 2007:206 ) . Harmonizing to Sapsford ( 1999 ) , readying of study involves four different phases ; of job definition, sample choice, design for measurings and concerns for participants, therefore I took into the history to provide all the four phases. The first phase of research involved the pilot study as it is â€Å" a preliminary piece of research conducted before a complete study to prove the effectivity of the research methodological analysis † . It was decided after the suggestions made by the Curriculum and Professional Mentor to transport out the Pilot survey which was accomplished in December 2009. A study was prepared to determine the chosen informations aggregation method and to derive some preliminary findings. I chose closed complete inquiries for my study as Fink ( 1995 ) urges that â€Å" they are easy to standardize, and informations gathered from closed terminal inquiries lend themselves to statistical analysis † . For this intent I produced a questionnaire utilizing the likert-scale, multiple pick and ordinal side of closed terminal inquiries which required attending towards trying every bit good as to guarantee that the information on which the sample is based is comprehensive. The research inquiries for this survey asked how people used Urdu in their day-to-day lives. After the suggestions to the pilot study, the development of the full study questionnaire was done together with the suggestions made by Stephen Toll ( Email, Appendix2 ) and Professor Itesh Sachdev ( Email, Appendix3 ) to formalize the pilot study questionnaire. In decision, the research will supply me every bit good as the readers with a clearer image of the Urdu ‘s Future as a Modern Language in the UK and will raise motive towards Urdu survey. The observations were made to verify the consequence of the research and proposals were made to increase the motive and popularity among Urdu scholars in the UK. The studies were completed towards the terminal of the winter term 2010. A sum of 45 questionnaires were sent out to three different schools, one in Lancashire, one in the Midlands and one in West Midlands. Of the 45 studies sent out merely 40 responses were received ( 89 % response ) of which 8 were over 16 ( 20 % ) and 32 ( 80 % ) were under 16.Findingss and AnalysisFigure ( Gender ) In footings of gender it is clear the sample is non declarative representative of population. Since merely 10 % of that population surveyed were adult females. It is apparent that the study needs to be modified and expanded since it is non conformist, i.e. merely 10 % of the surveyed of were female. From formal experiences it is apparent that a big population of females tend to show involvement in linguistic communications than males. So to acquire a more feasible image of the hereafter the study should hold been conducted in two stages: Females Males It is hence suggested that the present findings will be biased since 90 % of the group were males, who do non be given to demo involvement in linguistic communications study. Figure ( Location ) It is besides apparent that a disproportional sum of those surveyed were larning Urdu linguistic communication in a private constitution for illustration at a mosque. From these consequences it is clear that due to big figure of males surveyed the consequences are biased. From my ain experiences I find that more misss tended to analyze Urdu at school than male childs. Therefore, it is clear that of the study was extended a clear image of the figure of male pupils would be obtained. In footings of degree of Urdu being studied 98 % of these persons studied to GCSE degree with merely 2 % traveling farther to analyze A/S degree. Figure ( demoing Education Level ) Another factor which needs to be born in head is the age groups surveyed, since the present research took into history merely those analyzing GCSE ‘s ( i.e. – 16 ) . This needs to be extended to include a big figure of stations 16 ‘s. Since this is the group which will take to do greater usage of the Urdu makings. Figure ( demoing Mother lingua ) Use of Urdu linguistic communication in Daily lives Importance on a graduated table of 1- 5 with 1 is the most and 5 is the least. 1 2 3 4 Using it with members of household 15 % 20 % 30 % 5 % Using it in the community. 0 % 5 % 40 % 15 % Using it for travel. Visiting Pakistan and India. 50 % 7 % 3 % 20 % Using it for friendly relationship and societal networking. 23 % 13 % 0 % 14 % Reading newspapers, magazines and books in Urdu. 10 % 10 % 20 % 20 % Cinema, Television, cyberspace and Radio 15 % 10 % 10 % 15 % Figure for non Urdu talkers analyzing Urdu shows a broad scope of nationalties analyzing Urdu linguistic communication. These ranged from linguistic communications of the Indian sub-continent, Africa and Europe.These consequences are really interesting in that they show that the figure of pupils analyzing Urdu came from a assortment of backgrounds, in footings of their female parent tongue.It can be inferred that Urdu has same involvement in a assortment of nationalties and this can be extended further with exposure of the linguistic communication to other backgrounds. Consequences for How do you utilize Urdu linguistic communication in your day-to-day lives? The study asked to depict the usage of Urdu linguistic communication in their day-to-day lives and rank these statements in order of importance on a graduated table of 1- 5. The most interesting and stating set of informations are obtained from the ‘Use of Urdu ‘ ( Table 1 ) . From initial review of the information it seems that 50 % of the group surveyed do non give much acceptance to the usage of Urdu. However closer penetration shows some interesting tendencies, these are outlined below: 65 % of the group uses Urdu in the place, likely due to the fact that the parents and grandparents find it easier to discourse in Urdu instead than English. Besides the cultural facets of the communications are easy communicated in Urdu than English. From the usage of Urdu in the community it seems that most of the group members seem to give most importance to Urdu in the community. This may be due to the colored nature of the study, i.e. 98 % males. From a cultural point of position the male ‘s function in that of staff of life victor so if he is working all twenty-four hours there is small demand for him to utilize the linguistic communication to pass on in a manner as to acquire things done. I believe a more thorough study will demo that when female positions are taken into history this standard will demo different consequences. Traveling tendency will demo the highest usage of Urdu, and so this is the instance. Even here I believe the extension of the study to include more females will ensue in an even higher figure who use Urdu when traveling. Social networking has a important figure of surveyed groups who use Urdu for pass oning, but it should be born in head that the Urdu used is written in Roman book for on-line communicating! It is with some unhappiness that we note that usage of Urdu seems to be on the diminution in media and amusement. Therefore from an initial expression at the consequences it would look that Urdu is diminution in the UK, but one needs to convey in other factors and deficits in the study to to the full understand the province of personal businesss. Figure 5 ( analyzing Urdu as a topic at degree degree ) Of the 40 studies completed questionnaires answered 12 % responded positively to this inquiry whilst 35 % stated that they did non see to analyze Urdu at degree degree and 53 % were diffident to analyze Urdu at degree degree. Figure shows that 35 % of respondents want to analyze Urdu as a individual topic whilst 65 % expressed that they want to analyze Urdu combined with other topics. Survey of the possibility of analyzing Urdu at higher degrees shows that a really big Numberss would wish to analyze Urdu at higher degrees, in some signifier. I believe Urdu as its ain would be selected by really few persons, but when given a pick of holding under as a combined faculty a big figure showed involvement. This ties in with how Urdu can be made more available to the whole community in different country: wellness, instruction, societal services etc. Which Urdu authorship book is easy to read and understand? Figure 6 ( Which Urdu composing book is easy to read and understand: Traditional/Roman. ) An overpowering bulk found Urdu written in Roman book to be easy read and grok, whereas merely 65 % thought that traditional Urdu book was easy to read and understand.DiscussionThe present research has highlighted of import issues sing the hereafter of Urdu as a ML and the hereafter of Urdu in the community. On first glimpse it appears that Urdu is losing its grass root importance. This can be understood if one takes into history the continued changing of the population of the Urdu speech production groups. Obviously the first coevals group which give much importance to the Urdu Language since it is the linguistic communication of their family and it is a linguistic communication in which they have had their formal instruction or have grown up being surrounded by the usage of the linguistic communication ( i.e. their formative old ages ) . The 2nd coevals immigrants held on to the usage of Urdu in the place due to strong ties with their relation in the native states. As the immigrant population became educated their usage of Urdu at place and within the networking socialization circles decreased. This sidelining of Urdu has led to many British immigrants of â€Å" Urdu descent † non being able to talk Urdu fluently ; even within the place. However, initial basis suggests that Urdu still seems to be spoken widely among the male group for grounds of civilization and their functions. Thus Urdu is still being studied in schools but the bulk of the pupils analyzing Urdu are males or pupils in spiritual based schools of Indo-Pakistani beginnings. From my treatments in schools and the community it is evident that Urdu is once more gaining popularity perchance due to the fact that there are important alterations happening in the provinces of the immigrant population from India/Pakistan. First, there are a big figure of people making old age ( 60+ ) who have to set to a non-nuclear household. There has been a big addition in old people ‘s places lodging Urdu speech production immigrants. By necessity they have to set from populating off from their households which has reverberations for their callings. The aged prefer to pass on in their native linguas, so the wellness callings need to be able to understand and pass on consequently. This evidently means that these professionals who can understand and utilize Urdu can look after this population more efficaciously. This evidently means that the importance of Urdu can be enhanced by aiming persons who work in these countries. Restrictions of the present work of this papers ma ke non let an in depth treatment of all points, but the writer suggests the undermentioned points to heighten Urdu and procure its hereafter: Highlight the profusion of Urdu literature. A planetary market of present times can let enterprisers to utilize the assorted chances to spread out concern into countries where Urdu is still widely used. NHS will necessitate to provide for a turning population who will necessitate to utilize Urdu to pass on with a group which is now turning and demands health care. Social public assistance groups need to be ready for the clip when big figure of Urdu talking population will necessitate aided lodging and attention. The importance of higher instruction classs that offer survey of Urdu alongside the major topics. E.g. Medicine with Urdu, Pharmacy with Urdu, Dentistry with Urdu, Nursing with Urdu, Healthcare with Urdu etc.Evaluation and Implications for PracticeThis subdivision deals with the significance of chief findings of this survey for the writer every bit good as for others and, how the findings relate to the literature cited in the subdivision of ‘Literature Review ‘ . Actually the chief focal point of this survey was to look into the hereafter of Urdu as a Modern Language in the UK. The use of Urdu by British Borns Asians in their everyday affairs of day-to-day life was besides investigated and there was some focal point on to happen out their penchants of larning Urdu. The chief findings present a clear image of the hereafter of Urdu non merely for the writer but besides for future research workers carry oning some survey in this country. Harmonizing to this survey, the herea fter of Urdu in this state is really bright and use of Urdu may be enhanced with some schemes suggested in the subdivision of ‘Recommendations ‘ as, informations show considerable thirst for larning Urdu whether it might be as a individual topic or as a combined topic. In add-on to it, a big figure of participants desired to larn Urdu at higher degrees besides. The point of position may be supported by the mention quoted earlier in the subdivision of Literature Review which describes CILT study 1995. Harmonizing to the study, Urdu is the most widely used community linguistic communication in England and 69 local instruction governments are offering Urdu instruction. So, Urdu still seems to be an of import linguistic communication in this state. Significant first coevals Urdu talkers are still alive and are working, still necessitating wellness and societal attention advice. They will stop up in old people ‘s places due to alterations happening in the atomic househo ld in the UK. Where you need childs to look after them in footings of nurses and callings ( people around them ) and those childs must be equipped with Urdu linguistic communication to make a comfy ambiance. Therefore, it may besides be easy concluded acording to Community linguistic communications in higher instruction study 2008, â€Å" Urdu is top of the chart and it is most widely spoken community linguistic communication in the UK † . Beginning: Community languages in higher instruction study 2008, p11. In add-on to it there is found a positive attitude of childs towards Urdu acquisition and use. The writer ‘s ego created figure below shows the attitudes towards larning the Urdu linguistic communication in the UK. There are three interior thrusts which motivate the British scholars to analyze Urdu. Interest in the Urdu is due to its rich history and literature. Interest leads towards ability and ability brings good calling chances. Inner Drivers towards analyzing UrduInterestAbilityCareerThere will be some external influences besides which may play a critical function towards Urdu acquisition. Parents are the first point of contact or communicating and if they speak the linguistic communication at place, scholars will automatically pick up the linguistic communication. Parents besides can raise and heighten motive towards Urdu survey. Teachers besides influence the scholars and media besides plays an of import function to larn and do any linguistic communication popular. The writer ‘s above mentioned point of position is described in the ego created figure below: Still there seems some demand to heighten the involvement of immature coevals towards Urdu acquisition. If immature coevals appears non to pay any serious attending to the Urdu linguistic communication, it is due to miss of involvement and chances they do non cognize, Urdu has a wealth of literature and has produced great bookmans. External Influences towards Urdu SurveyFamilyTeachersMediaUrdu has fantastic poesy, Novel, Fiction and Prose. So, the procedure of larning Urdu may take topographic point in educational establishments. Here is the writer ‘s ego created figure which shows the function of school, instructor and schoolroom in the acquisition of Urdu linguistic communication.SchoolSchool Leadership Interest in Languages Relationship with community Motivational EnvironmentTeachersTeacher Academic Skills Teaching Methodology Teacher Experience Professional DevelopmentClassroomsCourse Content Teaching method Technology Class Size ResourcesStudent Learning of Urdu LanguageIn the visible radiation of above mentioned rating and deduction for patterns, there is a demand to do Urdu the linguistic communication of employment and professionalism. There is besides a demand to present higher instruction classs in Urdu combined with Historical Studies, Language and Linguistics, Film Studies, Philosophy and Religious Studies, Literary Studies and Drama and Sciences and Psychology, every bit good as medical professions and wellness and societal attention. In the visible radiation of above mentioned worlds, the survey may be declared really successful holding a considerable value for the writer every bit good as for others interested in the country to pull some decisions about the hereafter of Urdu in the UK. The worth may be due to some grounds in which the major ground describes a singular figure of childs holding Urdu as their female parent lingua and their motive towards Urdu larning even at their degree degree. The s urvey is precisely harmonizing to the outlooks of the writer and frights of the caput instructor and the writer about the worsening state of affairs of Urdu proved non to be true. However there is need to supply chances to immature coevals to larn Urdu. The writer was much focused during survey as the study was of personal involvement of the writer and so, concentration and focal point remained mark oriented holding no asides. This survey seems projecting really important influences on the writer as, now the writer is much determined to use such techniques while learning in schoolroom which may be more and more helpful to make involvement for pupils in Urdu acquisition. Equipped with the overpowering tendencies for Urdu acquisition, the writer may make and heighten gustatory sensation for Urdu larning better than earlier in schoolroom and therefore may lend to do Urdu a life linguistic communication in the UK.DecisionThe hereafter of Urdu is rather bright in the UK and it ‘s proved by my study. Majority of peoples took portion in the study considered Urdu as an of import linguistic communication. They think it ‘s of import for communicating with parents, for interaction with community and for being able to talk Urdu during going figure of states where you can travel to is rather big. The importance of Urdu can be farther enhanced by developing classs which incorporate the Urdu linguistic communication. The female parent lingua plays a really of import function in determining the hereafter of a kid. Determining the hereafter of the Urdu linguistic communication is in the custodies of the parents. If they realize this most of import responsibility and seed the seeds of the female parent lingua in the childhood old ages, the hereafter of the Urdu linguistic communication takes a promising form. The responsibility for continuing Urdu in UK falls onto the shoulders of parents, community, and bing pedagogues. As Gopi Chand Narang justly said in his address during International Urdu conference 2005, held in Islamabad ( Pakistan ) â€Å" Urdu is a functional linguistic communication and functional linguistic communications do non decease. Urdu yesteryear was glorious, its present is safe and its hereafter assured. Urdu is unstoppable exactly because this is the linguistic communication that quenches society ‘s cultural thirst. †RecommendationsOn the footing of this survey and study, I would urge the followers: The demand to develop an institute of Urdu research in UK. ( For employment and CPD ) . To heighten and foreground Urdu learning programmes for British Asiatic scholars through native British Urdu examples through wireless or cyberspace. The usage of non-commercial broadcast medium targeted to all and will heighten motive among Urdu scholars. Bilingualism is going progressively of import for economic invention and growing. Urdu concern classs should be introduced in schools and colleges. Train Urdu Language Teachers utilizing the cyberspace and ICT. E-Learning instructor preparation Courses should be launched in the UK. To salvage the hereafter of Urdu in the epoch of Computer engineering, there is a demand to run and present specially designed programmes to provide mundane life in Urdu and to do Urdu a linguistic communication of the cyberspace. To associate Urdu to the up-to-date research and use of Urdu to the modern information and communicating engineerings in instruction and concerns. To present Degree, Master, M.Phil and Ph.D makings in Urdu with other topics. To heighten Urdu popularity Urdu books should be readily available in Roman Urdu and Traditional Urdu composing books.

Belonging to Culture

This statement is also shown in the related text ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. In the film, various techniques are used such as long shots, full shots and panning. In the related text the techniques used are a metaphor, listing, contrast and emotive words. In the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham’ the engagement scene starts off with a long shot of the outside of Jessminder’s house. The house is decorated with lights and lighting is a technique used to make the house stand out. After that there is a high angle/close up shot of the food. The foods are colourful and bright. Bright colours are festive and symbolises happy occasions. Costume is another technique. Everyone is wearing the same sort of clothing and they are colourful. This shows that they belong to the Indian culture. The full/long shot of the room and the people sitting next to each other shows sense of belonging to their culture. This scene also explores gender roles. The males were sitting down, eating and talking to others whilst Jess was walking around offering food to the guests. A woman tells Jess â€Å"it will be your turn soon. † This means that she is expected to marry an Indian man just like every other Indian woman. These values and traditions are aspects of their Sikh Indian culture and Jess is expected to follow them. People feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. We also see this in the pre-wedding preparation scene. In this scene we see everyone sitting together again. Gender roles are explored in this scene as well. All the women are sitting next to each other around a table making samosas. A full shot is a technique used in this scene. This shows belonging to their culture because they are all celebrating harmoniously. There are alternations used between the Indian and British culture to show contrast between the two cultures. There is an overhead shot of the Bhamra’s backyard and their neighbours backyard. The Bhamra’s backyard is colourful, active and bright while their neighbours backyard is quiet, dull and empty. There are alternations used between Jess preparing for the wedding and her team training for the finals. This shows that she is caught between two cultures. Music is a technique used. The music is sad and so is Jess. Her facial expressions show us that she is not interested in what’s going on around her. She takes down her David Beckham poster and this shows that she is giving up on soccer. People feel a strong belonging to their culture however some people can feel caught between two cultures. Another text that that shows people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture is the poem ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. This poem is about a Greek woman who moves into Australia but does not want to integrate. The metaphor â€Å"she brought her country with her in packing cases† tells us that she has brought ornaments of her country with her because she feels strongly about her culture. She does not want to integrate because she is scared of losing her own culture. At her home in Australia, she listens to Greek music, speaks Greek with her granddaughter and this shows she feels strongly about her culture. Another technique used in this poem is listing. First there is a listing of all the Greek items and then there is a listing of Australian items. This shows contrast between two cultures. Her granddaughter listens to western music, speaks English and eats Australian food. â€Å"Her grandchild†¦has eaten corned-beef, cornflakes†¦another tongue, her future. † This quote tells us her granddaughter has found it quite easy to integrate whereas â€Å"the land gave way, she arranged it to her liking,† shows the grandmother got her way. The use of emotive words such as â€Å"fierce† and â€Å"confrontation† shows that there was a battle between the grandmother and her new environment and she won because she did not integrate. Australia is more malleable than she,† tell us Australia was manipulated because the grandmother did not give up. She kept to her culture. Not only do people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture but they can experience cultural clash. In conclusion people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. This is seen in the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham ’ and the poem ‘Integrated. ’ Both of these texts show us people feel strongly about their culture. However they also show us that cultural clashes can arise as well when people feel trapped between two cultures. Belonging to Culture This statement is also shown in the related text ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. In the film, various techniques are used such as long shots, full shots and panning. In the related text the techniques used are a metaphor, listing, contrast and emotive words. In the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham’ the engagement scene starts off with a long shot of the outside of Jessminder’s house. The house is decorated with lights and lighting is a technique used to make the house stand out. After that there is a high angle/close up shot of the food. The foods are colourful and bright. Bright colours are festive and symbolises happy occasions. Costume is another technique. Everyone is wearing the same sort of clothing and they are colourful. This shows that they belong to the Indian culture. The full/long shot of the room and the people sitting next to each other shows sense of belonging to their culture. This scene also explores gender roles. The males were sitting down, eating and talking to others whilst Jess was walking around offering food to the guests. A woman tells Jess â€Å"it will be your turn soon. † This means that she is expected to marry an Indian man just like every other Indian woman. These values and traditions are aspects of their Sikh Indian culture and Jess is expected to follow them. People feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. We also see this in the pre-wedding preparation scene. In this scene we see everyone sitting together again. Gender roles are explored in this scene as well. All the women are sitting next to each other around a table making samosas. A full shot is a technique used in this scene. This shows belonging to their culture because they are all celebrating harmoniously. There are alternations used between the Indian and British culture to show contrast between the two cultures. There is an overhead shot of the Bhamra’s backyard and their neighbours backyard. The Bhamra’s backyard is colourful, active and bright while their neighbours backyard is quiet, dull and empty. There are alternations used between Jess preparing for the wedding and her team training for the finals. This shows that she is caught between two cultures. Music is a technique used. The music is sad and so is Jess. Her facial expressions show us that she is not interested in what’s going on around her. She takes down her David Beckham poster and this shows that she is giving up on soccer. People feel a strong belonging to their culture however some people can feel caught between two cultures. Another text that that shows people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture is the poem ‘Integrated’ by Sylvia Kantaris. This poem is about a Greek woman who moves into Australia but does not want to integrate. The metaphor â€Å"she brought her country with her in packing cases† tells us that she has brought ornaments of her country with her because she feels strongly about her culture. She does not want to integrate because she is scared of losing her own culture. At her home in Australia, she listens to Greek music, speaks Greek with her granddaughter and this shows she feels strongly about her culture. Another technique used in this poem is listing. First there is a listing of all the Greek items and then there is a listing of Australian items. This shows contrast between two cultures. Her granddaughter listens to western music, speaks English and eats Australian food. â€Å"Her grandchild†¦has eaten corned-beef, cornflakes†¦another tongue, her future. † This quote tells us her granddaughter has found it quite easy to integrate whereas â€Å"the land gave way, she arranged it to her liking,† shows the grandmother got her way. The use of emotive words such as â€Å"fierce† and â€Å"confrontation† shows that there was a battle between the grandmother and her new environment and she won because she did not integrate. Australia is more malleable than she,† tell us Australia was manipulated because the grandmother did not give up. She kept to her culture. Not only do people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture but they can experience cultural clash. In conclusion people feel a strong sense of belonging to their culture. This is seen in the film ‘Bend It Like Beckham ’ and the poem ‘Integrated. ’ Both of these texts show us people feel strongly about their culture. However they also show us that cultural clashes can arise as well when people feel trapped between two cultures.

How are Wealth and Physical Health Linked Assignment

How are Wealth and Physical Health Linked - Assignment Example It is clear from the discussion that the developed nations have arrived at a new stage in their health care setups. This stage is defined by the provision of some of the most complex medical procedures and services to a section of their population (Pakenham 2004, p. 42). Most of these procedures are required for diseases that are the result of faulty lifestyles. It goes without saying that these procedures tend to be very costly and resources intensive. As a result, the health budgets of most of the developed countries like the UK and the USA run in billions of dollars (Pakenham 2004, p. 43). The developed countries are finding it very difficult to manage this financial aspect of health care. So they are fast reducing the scope and range of services that they provide their populations with (Pakenham 2004, p. 42).  In contrast, in developing countries, millions of people die every year of diseases that are either preventable or can be easily cured (Pakenham 2004, p. 46). The develop ed nations were able to win over these diseases by focusing on the basics like clean drinking water and sanitation (Pakenham 2004, p. 46). However, the developing nations in Asia and Africa lack the financial resources to provide clean drinking water and sanitation to large sections of their populations (Pakenham 2004, p. 48).  The developed nations can get over the resource crunch they are facing by shifting from crisis management towards a preventive approach towards healthcare (Pakenham 2004, p. 43). The developing nations can also benefit by focusing on providing primary health care services to their masses. Many developing countries like Cuba and Nigeria have already achieved impressive results by focusing on primary health care (Pakenham 2004, p. 47). Yet, it is a fact that providing primary health care and running the associated programs requires many resources.  

Women's rights in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Women's rights in Iraq - Essay Example Girl’s school initiated a series of modifications and deep-seated progress in the lifestyle of literate urban Jewish women throughout the earlier part of the twentieth century. These encouraging changes integrated Jewish women, primarily in the central urban cities; nevertheless, they did not revolutionize the social status of Jewish women as a self-aware, united, and completely formed group (Sehayek, 2004). Moreover, these women fell short to interpret their personal accomplishments into a well worked out and important social occurrence, nor could they change the standpoint of male society surrounding them, or gain acknowledgment as an independent and equal social entity (ibid). The modifications in the life of Babylonian Jewish women should be investigated against the perspective of the subordinate and restricted status of their Muslim, or non-Jewish counterparts. One must take into account the factors that affected their lives and formed their self-identity, namely the domestic tradition and customs and social conditions of the Jewish and non-Jewish context (Reinhart, 2004). There is a dearth in literature discussing about the lives of Iraqi Jewish women. This was because of their imprisonment to domestic responsibilities or household chores, and to insufficient familiarization to the outside world. Travel brochures and journals relate extremely insignificant information about the rights and status of women in the Middle East, and even less about Jewish women. By bringing together information that rests scattered in books, several newspapers and key documents, one must attempt to structure the social and cultural development undertaken by the Jewish female groups in Iraq (ibid). Since the beginning of the history of the people of Israel, the representation of Jewish women was formed in harmony with holy laws, and a

The Discovery of the Taung Child Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Discovery of the Taung Child - Essay Example Physically, the skull was rounded, a high forehead without brow ridges and a foramen magnum that appeared towards the skull. From Dart’s analysis, the child must have had a bipedal posture. The hole in the skull had a downward orientation indicating that the spinal cord balanced in the middle of the skull. This is contrary to the position of the hole in skulls of an early man walking on fours and the primates whereby the balancing occurs near the rear of the skull. Dart concluded that Australopithecus africanus was the intermediate between the modern man and apes. The young child had a small cranial capacity. Dart attributed its death from an eagle’s attack because of the hole near the eye (150). Discovery of the skull brought about a lot of controversy as the science community. The fact that the skull had a small brain placed it at an earlier age than all the other skulls previously discovered. The young skull was older than all other fossils discovered in Asia and Europe. This meant that all humans had lineage from Africa, fact that very few believed. The discovery of the ape-like skull brought about the issue of ethnicity among many scientists. Some of them did not accept the African lineage because of the inferiority associated with the continent. It is interesting how acceptance of the skull as evidence of early hominid forms took twenty years. The acceptance came after the discovery of more skulls from South Africa presenting sufficient evidence that hominids really lived in Africa about two million years ago.The discovery of Taung Child change the perceptions of the past that life had begun in other continents and brought about a quest for more scientists to explore Af rica looking for other fossils to serve as supporting evidence that early hominids resided in the continent.     

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Charlene Barshefsky Case Analysis - Assignment Example Using analytical framework to view the key issues and complexity of the case, the researcher will try to justify Charlene Barshefsky’s actions and suggest some alternate approaches to view the problem. This case is all about complexities regarding trade and cultural negotiation process hence the researcher will not try to give any subjective viewpoints which might spoil the purpose of the case. Recognizing multiple aspects of the case such as coalition building approach, bilateral dealings, â€Å"barriers† to agreement etc will be key features of the discussion. This piece of work will also try to understand the actions taken by respective authorities in the case in order to facilitate protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), improvement of IPR policy of People’s Republic of China and address human right issues. In the least part of this paper, the researcher will summarize the personal learning output from the case. Question 2 Research scholars such as Shapiro (2001) and O’Donoghue and Zweimuller (2004) have classified IPR as a pretty much sensitive issue when it comes to negotiating between countries. The case sheds light on International trade negotiations between China and USA in context to intellectual property rights (IPR) violation. According to the case, during mid 1990’s, USA accused China for its poor standard of IPR law which gave the opportunity to pirates to counterfeit and illegally copy entertainment and software products of USA. In 1993, USA representatives reported that Chinese pirates counterfeited USA entertainment products such as DVDs, movie CDs, software and exporting pirated CDs, DVDs to South Asian and North American countries. Such level of piracy and counterfeiting had negatively affected the trade relationship between USA and China and also decreased the market share of IPR products of USA. The case is presented from the perspective of Charlene Barshefsky who was then then-Deputy United Stat es Trade Representative (USTR) and was responsible for handling the negotiation process. In the first part, the case discusses about the challenges and barrier of negotiation faced by Charlene Barshefsky while the second part of the case study, discusses about strategic intervention used by Charlene Barshefsky and her team members to deal with the situation. However, the case is more about trade agenda regarding cross cultural negotiation process and intellectual property right issue rather than description of tariff and non-tariff obstacles related to free trade. According to the case, key assignment for Charlene Barshefsky was to offer or formulate viable strategy for establishing new intellectual property rights agreement with Chinese government. The case also underlines alternatives such as initiating Section 301 which is a unilateral action and multilateral approaches such as working as joint force with other countries to improve the IPR standard in China. Question 3 Hulse and Sebenius (2003) pointed out that working as USTR was a challenge for Charlene Barshefsky which she had taken in positive manner. She had understood the fact that she could not get the support of USA government unless make the IPR violation in China as domestic issue of

Bank of America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bank of America - Essay Example The services offered by the Bank of America range from banking, asset management, investing as well as other additional products and services in the financial domain. The Bank of America Corporation offers a broad assortment of financial services and products by means of their numerous banking as well as nonbanking subsidiaries all over the United States of America and in certain parts of the global market. The bank offers its services in six major business divisions, viz. Deposits, Home Loans & Insurance, Global Card Services, Global Banking & Markets, Global Commercial Banking and Global Wealth & Investment Management (Bank of America, 2011). As on December 31, 2010, the Bank of America Corporation possessed assets worth $2.3 trillion and revenue values worth $111,390 million. The bank undertook the acquisition of Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. on January 1, 2009. Consequent to the acquisition, the Bank of America has become one of the biggest wealth management companies in the globe wi th almost 19,700 wealth advisors and further 3,000 front-line consumers facing specialized staffs and in excess of $2.2 trillion in customer assets (Bank of America, 2010). Furthermore, Bank of America Corporation is the worldwide leading organization in corporate and investment banking as well as trading over an extensive variety of asset classes catering to the large corporations and institutions, governments, and individual clients throughout the world. The Bank of America also provides industry-leading support to around four million people owing small businesses and is the issuer of highest number of debit cards in the United States of America. It holds the leading position in credit card loans in Europe and possesses the second largest market share for credit offerings in the United States. The Bank of America has a well-built foothold in the mortgage business sector and is one of the foremost two mortgage service providers and instigators in the US (Bank of America, 2010). SWO T Analysis Strengths of Bank of America The Bank of America holds an important market position in the banking industry of the US and operates an enormous extent of operations in the nation. Bank of America has well-built and structured investment banking as well as trading operations. The performance of the bank in these two segments compensates any failures in commercial banking or other segments. The wide variety of financial products and services offered by the bank to both individual and institutional clients enable the bank to perform as a financial superstore. The Bank of America had in the past successfully and effectively incorporated with the organizations it has acquired. This successful integration with the acquired companies, with Merrill Lynch being the latest, has acted as an immense strength for the bank. Bank of America had paid off the Troubled Asset Relief Program funds worth $45 billion to the government. This has enhanced and strengthened the bank’s capabi lity to sponsor private funds (Bank of America, 2010). The Bank of Amer

How the Legalization or Decriminalization of Marijuana Can Optimize a Essay

How the Legalization or Decriminalization of Marijuana Can Optimize a Drug Situation in a Country - Essay Example Although not legal in the Netherlands, cannabis is openly tolerated and can be both purchased and consumed in one of several Amsterdam ‘coffee houses.’   Inexplicably, the city has not been thrown into anarchy which, evidently, is what the opponents of cannabis legalization are afraid of.   The evidence demonstrates that legalizing cannabis for medicinal in addition to general purposes would prove a benefit to society, evidence which is well-known throughout the scientific, political and public arena but this collective knowledge has yet to be acted upon.  Eleven states allow the use of marijuana for medicinal use, Rhode Island the most recent joining California, Alaska, Hawaii, Colorado, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Washington and, Vermont and Maine.   However, laws enacted by the federal government supersede those of the states.   Therefore, the physician within the borders of the U.S. cannot lawfully dispense marijuana nor can a patient legally possess it. †Å"The U.S. Supreme Court said federal law preempts any efforts by the state to authorize the use of marijuana for any purpose, including medicinal† (Schweitzer, 2005).   Most Americans are not against the medicinal use of marijuana and states are legalizing the practice but any use of marijuana remains against federal law which generally translates to stiffer sentences if caught. The U.S. government has recently softened its position on allowing marijuana dispensaries located in states where it is legal but other than that small waiver has continued its absolute prohibition of Marijuana, a method that is one of the most common policies utilized but has evidently not succeeded as intended.   This practice has not eliminated drug traffic.   It has, however, altered the arrangement of supply and demand by forcing the illegality of this market. Illegal marijuana makes criminals of the sick. Many medical benefits are well known.   

Modern World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern World History - Essay Example Death-feud and antagonism between the states is one of the most dangerous evils which pressures mankind through all historical periods of time. In contrast to this confrontations, the primary goal of nation-states' policies is to ensure their survival. That is, states seek to preserve their independence or sovereignty in a hostile environment. During the XX centuries, two world wars showed that the world's fate hinged on the outcome of this massive effort to meet the Axis threat of world conquest and restore the balance of power. In this hostile environment, the United Nations became a strong force which balanced confrontations and peace. The significance of the UN can be explained by the fact that previous attempts to achieve the world order had failed, but the end of the WWII demanded a strong international organization to ensure global peace. In 1945, despite the emergent differences between the United States and the Soviet Union, World War II, like all previous great-power wars, paved the way for a new world order. The League of Nation had failed to meet new social and political landscape between the Second World War. In 1943, the Four Power Declaration advanced principles for allied collaboration in the period following the end of military confrontations (Hyde, 1960). The product of the Allies' determination to create a new international organization to manage the postwar international order was conceived in this and other wartime agreements. Consistent with the expectation that the great powers would cooperate to manage world affairs, China was promised a seat on the United Nations Security Council along with F rance and the Big Three. The purpose was to guarantee that all of the dominant states would share responsibility for keeping the peace (Mcwhinney, 1984). In 1945, the UN represented a supranational level - a political body that exerted influence upon several national governments. On the other hand, the UN was used as 'a silent tool' of competition between the USA and USSR. Both countries used the United Nations not to keep the peace, but to pursue their competition with one another. As the most recent great-power war of the twentieth century, it still casts its shadow over the post-Cold War geostrategic landscape. Perhaps the most certain feature of this otherwise uncertain environment was the ascendancy of the United States and the Soviet Union as its dominant powers (Debrix, 1999). Today, the UN has lost its strategic significance in contrast to 1945, and for this very reason many political leaders and scientist suppose that: "'the role of the United Nations as a whole in economic and social affairs, including its relationship to the Bretton Woods institutions needs to be re-thought and reinvigorated" (Murithi, 2003, p.3). The end of the Cold War and the War on Terror demonstrated that the USA can survive indefinitely. Russia has made the transition over the last ten years to an independent democratic nation state. The emergence of new economic centers the Triad and European Union, NAFTA and ASEAN reduce the role and impact of the UN on the global peace and foreign relations. At the beginning of the 21st century, the global regulatory environment consists of a variety of governmental and nongovernmental agencies that enforce laws or set guidelines for conducting business and political affairs (Graham, 2003, p. 5). A change process lies at the

Industrialization by Invitation Essay Example for Free

Industrialization by Invitation Essay Did Lewis theory of industrialization by invitation (IBI) lead to some of the social, economic and financial problems being experienced in the region? Discuss your response. Lewis’ theory of â€Å"industrialization by invitation† made a case for the possibility of the creation of a manufacturing sector in the islands in the region, contrary to the ideas proposed by the Moyne Commission. With the overpopulation of the islands, Lewis argued that non-agricultural employment opportunities were required and he saw the manufacturing industry as a means of achieving this goal. Using the theory of comparative cost, Lewis felt that industrialisation would be a viable option for the West Indian islands. He noted, however, that given the fact that that locals lacked adequate knowledge and were relatively inexperienced in this new endeavour, there would have to be a temporary reliance on foreign investors. To attract them, local governments would have to play a very active role by offering various incentives and setting up Industrial Development Corporations. Lewis based his model on Puerto Rico’s Operation Bootstrap. (Rose, 2002) states that by â€Å"early 1960’s the MDCs and some of the LDCs in the region had established the institutional and legal apparatus to accommodate the industrialization development strategy. † There was also an influx of â€Å"foreign capital and visible light manufacturing industries† (Rose, 2002). It would seem, therefore that Lewis’ theory was successful since some economic growth was seen by the MDCs. Be that as it may, closer examination would reveal that the smaller islands did not fare as well in their attempts at industrialization. In fact, even with the success of the MDCs, industrialization by invitation achieved negative results. This was because most of the industries developed as a result proved to be capital intensive rather than labour intensive, thus unemployment rates remained high. The increase in rural to urban migration and the social and political tensions experienced did nothing to improve the situation. The foreign investors did not, as Lewis envisioned, offer sufficient training and assistance to the locals. Instead, they maintained close ties with their own countries and the region was now swept up in yet another cycle of dependency. Consequently, the implementation of Lewis’ strategy can be seen as having some effect on some of the social, economic and financial problems experienced in the region. The fact remains that the countries in the region were forced to compete against each other for foreign investment thus undermining any previous attempts at integration, a situation which still exists today. Lewis’ strategy must not be thought of, though, as being wholly accountable for the region’s problems. In part, this can be seen to have arisen because the region’s governments, in implementing Lewis’ strategy, failed to take into account Puerto Rico’s close ties with the United States and their privileged access to the U. S. markets.

The Current Legislation Essay Example for Free

The Current Legislation Essay 1.1: Identify the current legislation and codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. In every school, they will have a set of policies which will put in place in order to set out the procedures and guidelines in order to ensure that equality is within the school. These policies are extremely important within a school as this will allow all staff and students to understand the importance of equality and so that they take into account rights off all different individual and different groups within in the school for example religion. These policies will work to in ensure inclusion and equality and not only cover teaching and learning within a classroom but with all different other needs, such as aspects of school life. It can be seen as an important part of a role to have an understanding on the relevant legislations and the purpose these have been set into place. This will enable you to have a greater knowledge into your role and the responsibility of actually following these legislations and policies. Through having an understanding on these roles, it will also give you a greater knowledge on legal duties of the school. Legislations are put in place on purpose to support different factors. Here are a list of a range of different legislations, which form a basis of government statutory codes of practice and frameworks and school policies and procedures relating to equal opportunity and inclusive practice. Equality act 2010: This new act sets out legal duty of all public bodies to provide equality and opportunity for all people. Special educational needs and disability act 2001: This act makes it impossible and unlawful for any educational provider to discriminate against pupils with special educational needs or a disability. Human rights act 1998: This act ensures that every individual has right to take legal action of their right have been affected. Education act 1996: The purpose of this act is that schools have responsibilities towards children with special educational needs and it is required from them to provide additional resources, equipment and support to meet their needs. Children act 1989: the purpose of this act is the duty of local authorities, including schools to provide services according to the needs of children and to ensure their safety and wellbeing. Children act 2004: sets out the legal duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the 5 every child matters outcomes. Disability discrimination act 1995: this act protects the rights off all those people who have disabilities. It places legal duty on schools as well as any other organisation, to eliminate barriers to ensure that all disable people can gain equal access to services provided. Disability discrimination act 2005: the purpose of this act is to ensure every school has to produce a disability equality scheme and an access plan. It is about every school having a plan on how to accommodate children with disabilities as well as parents who have the same. Race relations act 2000 (amendment): all organisations have to promote good relationships between people from all different races.

Resistance to Change in Public Sector Culture

Resistance to Change in Public Sector Culture CHAPTER 1 Background / General Organisation cannot control environmental changes. They can only change their processes to adapt to the environmental changes and take advantage of the new opportunities that are the changes in the environment brings. When a change is resist is could be a very difficult to achieve the desired reason for the wanted change. This is the case of IFAKO /IJAYE local Government Council Area (IJLGCA) where the management are finding it difficult to change the bureaucratic organisational culture among the employees of the local government council .The introduction of the PACE PROJECT that was aimed at changing the organisational culture was meet by resistance from the employees of the councils area .The PACE PROJECT was program is designed to re-engineer the human and material resources of the organisation in other to enhance and improve their performance and productivity. Ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJLGCA), the organization has experienced rapid changes in the last six years to improve the efficiency of the operations as well as the capability of the workforce to produce the desired results which would make the sector to be more effective and efficient in operations. Project PACE, was also purpose is to repositioning ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJLGCA) in to world-class organization, by clearly defining the vision for the organization and comparing to reach me that the other Council area created at the same time in Nigeria and elsewhere in the world by operating in compliance with the International Labour Standards by entrenching transparency in the organisational processes enhancing efficiency and making improvements in the value of procurement in the local governance Change management can be defined as a decision-making procedure which modifies or transforms organisation to be more effective and efficient in operations. Organisations need to change to adapt to external or internal development, but realizing effective change could be very problematic .change is so difficult and when it occur successfully it is by miracle. Kanter, stein, and jick (1992) One major barrier to change is resistance from employees of organisations .Resistance is commonly considered is a natural reaction to organisational change. IFAKO /IJAYE local Government Council Area (IJLGCA) government is still using a bureaucratic cultural administration style. The top to bottom approach of culture change in selling the preferred culture to staff has used different presentation styles, such as seminars and workshops, which are unable to change the mind-set of workers, but rather creating a form of resistance from employees who are afraid of losing their job a top to bottom approach with limited room for dialogue In this paper I will be studying the two the approach to change which are (1) Determinism Approach (2) voluntarism approach. The different classical models of change that is the Lewins model to change which would include the Lweins force field analysis to determine the driving forces and the resisting force to the desire preferred organisational culture that is the pace project of ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJLGCA). Research Problem Management efforts to refocus IJGCA staff to meet with challenges in the public sector through the PACE project, is yet to produce the desired results since its establishment in July 2004. The various launching, enlightenment campaigns and appointment of the local change-makers / teams are yet to provide the required support for the PACE project.   Project PACE, whose purpose is to reposition IJLGCA into a world-class organization by clearly defining the vision for the organization .Also comparing the achievement with other the Council areas of Nigeria and other part of the world, that were created at the same time by making IJGCA a pacesetter for others to follow is still yet to yield to require result. The Code name Project-Pace, said that it would be a comprehensive, multi-functional and coherent strategy in line with the task of setting up a high level of organization, but now the plan change is still remain at the elementary stage. Staff awareness and understanding of the brand-new part of culture, which was launched in 2005 is still very low. The desired commitment on the path of staff is lacking due to poor understanding of the preferred culture elements which is ACT NOW which elements are: Safety, Performance, Empowerment And Entrepreneurship, Respect And Trust, Innovation, Ownership And Consequence Management ,Teamwork Control And Open Communication, Professionalism. The Recently concluded roll out of the performance management system (PMS) under the PACE project had encountered some resistance, which was largely behavioural and attitudinal employee gives the management a major concern. Employee does not want to loss their power and jobs. Their belief is that this new change will take a lot of them. This research project is set out to address the level of awareness and perception of staff and also recommend new ways of implementing the preferred culture successfully. The Major Research Question à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What are the reasons for resistance to change and the lack of adoption of the PACE PROJECT, new culture? Minor Research Questions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What is the level of awareness of the preferred PACE PROJECT CULTURAL and acceptance amongst staff? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To what extent is the organization culture a resisting factor? Objective of the study The research objectives are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢To suggest how to create awareness of the PACE project among staff members. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Suggest ways of carrying staff along in the of culture change process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Suggest how to encourage the acceptance of the PACE project à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Implement a new culture based on the PACE Methodology The study will focuses on junior, senior management staff of the IJGCA which is one the seven hundred and seventy (770)local government councils areas in Nigeria and will be a Qualitative study of reason for resistance to change. Our exploratory study would be using force field framework. Force field analysis is a model that help us to understand the force and against change in individuals and organisations. Force Field Analysis is a useful technique for investigation, all the forces against the decision. Force filed model used in weighing the pros and cons in an organisation .for the purposes of this study force field analysis would be used to demonstrate the level of resistance of staff to PACE PROJECT. APPROACH Analytical and Descriptive Data gathering methods were adopted: open ended Questionnaire Secondary data review and the writers personal observations and discover reasons for resistance. LIMITATIONS TO THE STUDY The study has several limitations are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The study is limited to IJGCA. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The size of the sample of staff investigated may limit the generality of the results. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Based on one cultural -change initiative à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time constraints. ASSUMPTIONS That PACE project is capable of implementation That the PACE project is helpful Beneficiaries: This research will benefit the following groups: 1. Employees of ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJGCA) 2. ifako/ijaye Local Government council area (IJGCA) 3. Lagos state Government 4. Policy Makers which includes: Head of departments, Council board ORGANISATION The study is presented in five chapters as follows: Chapter one Introduction Chapter Two Literature Review Chapter Three theoretical framework Chapter Four Methodology Chapter Five Conclusions and Recommendations . CHAPTER 2 Literature review Review of existing knowledge on the subject of the research will help in guiding the current research work. To start with, change management (under certain and uncertain environment) review the two the approach to change which are (1) Determinism Approach (2) voluntarism approach. The exiting knowledge on resistances to change would also be reviewed in this section of the study. CHANGE Organisation can be described as a group of people brought together for the purpose achieving certain objectives. As the basic unit of an organisation is the role rather than the person in it the organisation is maintained in existence, sometimes over a long period of time, despite many changes of members. Statt, (1992, p.102).in this defined the important point there is people interacting in order to order to achieve some defined goal. Organisation can also be defined as systems comprising elements of formal organisational management and operations as well as elements of more informal aspects of organisational life. The organisational systems, themselves, are conceptualised as operating in three types of environments. These are the temporal, external and internal environmental whose elements interact with each other to form the triggers of change which are significant in bringing about organisational changes. Stephen P .robbins and Timothy A. judge (2009 ) Change is inevitable in an organisation, that is usually very difficult to implement and it takes a miracles if it occurs successfully because people will always resist it. According to Kotter (1996:3) states that Although some people predict that most of the reengineering, restrategizing, mergers, downsizing and cultural renewal project will soon disappear, due to the fact that many Marco economic forces are at work and this forces may grow stronger in the future .As a result many organisations are pushing to reduce costs, improving their product and service quality, find new prospects for growth and increase growth. This caused many organisations to effect major changes in other adapt to the shifting conditions in their business environment. These changes help the competitive standing of organisations and have position them for a better future. In many situations the improvements have been disappointing, which have resulted to waste of resources and frustrated employees. To some de gree the consequence of change is inevitable. Whenever people are forced to adjust to shifting conditions, it is generally very painful. Organisational change is an ongoing process that is characterised by fine tuning of the fit or match between the organisations strategy, structure, people, and processes. Such efforts are usually manifested at the departmental and divisional levels. Change management is perceived as a set of processes that is used to ensure that considerable changes are executed in an orderly, controlled and systematic approach to achieve organisational change. One of the objectives of change management is the human aspects of overcoming resistance to change in order for organisational employees to buy into change and achieve the organisations goal of an orderly and effective transformation .Kotter and Schlesinger (1979) start that most major organisations need to undertake moderate changes once a year and major changes every four or five years. Inefficient organisational processes, problems with coordination and lack of cooperation are examples of causes for change that happen within an organisation. Changes does not always have an external start point, it can also originate from an internal source. According to Taiwo (2001:24) defines change as the process of analyzing the past to elicit the present actions required for the future. It involves moving from a state, to a future desired state. A change process starts with the awareness of the need for change. One can not understand an organisation without trying to change it. Change helps us to understand an organisation better. Approaches to the Study of Change The study of change has two approaches which are as follow: Determinism approach Voluntarism Approach Determinism approach: This is an approach by Wilson.1992 with the belief that the operations of organisation are influenced by largely by external forces namely economic situation, the environment and the context in which they operate. Change is been caused by external forces which are beyond the control of mangers or change agents. Wilson.1992 view that an organisation as a system operates in an environment and it is operation can be influence by the environment. However Burns (2000) criticise this approach as been over-fatalistic that mangers would only act as a result of external forces after event have taken place. Voluntarism Approach: This approach is based in the assumption that the result of change process is based on the ability of the manager or changer agent to use a choice strategy to determine the outcome of a change process that is the strategic choice implemented can promote or undermine organisational effectiveness. This model will rely on the skill of the manger ability and confidence to achieve the necessary course of change required in the organisation. This process requires that will identify the type of change the organisation needs. By knowing this it would help to determine the method to use in effecting the necessary changes and the areas to change. You can not fully understand a system until you try to change it. This perspective is shown in the figure 1 below. Identify type of change Incremental change Discontinuous change How to Change Set goals to be attained Diagnose what to change igiide Diagnose what to change How to Change Set goals to be attained Diagnose what to change Figure 1: the process of the voluntarism approach as developed by Nadler and tushman Kurt Lwein argued that for organisational change to be successful it most pass through three steps which 1. Unfreezeing or unlocking from the existing level of behaviour: this a also know as status quo changing to overcome the pressure of both individual resistance and group conformity. This knows as the equilibrium state. The unfreezing is necessary because it helps us determine the Driving force, which direct behaviour away from the status quo can be increased and also the Restraining forces, which hinder movement from the existing equilibrium, can be decrease 2. Change or move to a new level : this a change process that transforms the organisation from the status quo to a desired end state, it involves moving from the equilibrium state to overcome the pressure of the both individual resistance and group resistance 3.Refreeze behaviour at the new level: this combine the two approaches . organisations who have succeed in the past are likely to encounter restraining forces if the management want to bring changes in the organisational process similarly ,that organisation with strong culture excel at incremental changes but are overcome by restraining forces against radical changes P.G Audia, E.A Locke and K.G.Smith,( October 2000),p.837-853. This can be illustrated below in figure 2 Force Affecting Changes: From studies there are two types forces that affects change, internal and external (Kreitner, Kinicki p 562) INTERNAL FORCES: This normally occur When people that have been through difficult ,painful and not very successful change efforts often end up been pessimistic and angry conclusions. This usually result to them be suspicious of the motives of those pushing for transformation in the organisation they worry that major change is not possible ,without having a negative impart on them. They usually normally fear that their boss or the management is incompetent. This type of force within an organisation can be described as INTERNAL forces resisting change. Internal forces for change are operative from inside the organization. They are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Human resource factors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managerial behavior/decisions (B) EXTERNAL FORCES. With the trend of globalization, organisations are now encountering challenges in different face. A globalized economy is creating both hazards and more opportunities for every body, which is now forcing organisations, to make sudden change in their processes not only to compete and prosper but also to survive in their industry. Globalization itself is driven by a set powerful forces associated with the following (1)Demographic characteristic (2)technological development (3) market changes (4) Social and political pressure Resistance to change Resistance is seen as a defensive mechanism use by employees to resist change in an organisation which they assume the change would move them from their comfort zone. A major barrier to change is resistance of the people of the organisation .Resistance to change happens when people perceives that the change would take something very valuable from them, this type of reaction is usually been considered as a standard or natural reaction to organisational change. It is not only people that resist change , organisations also resist change they perceives change as a threat to their comfort zone for example an organisational plan or a change in a product line in an organisation maybe considered as a threat among employees which will raised debate , downsizing because of the proposed change . Resistance can be overt, implicit, and immediate. It is easiest for management to deal with resistance when it is overt and immediate. For example if a change is proposed and employees quickly response by complaining , treating to go on strike or engaged in work showdown all this can easily managed by the management by engaging the employees in a dialogue to resolve such issues. in the case of an implicit resistance effort are more subtle to result to loss of loyalty to the organisation , loss of motivation to work , increase in error and mistakes , increase in absenteeism due to sickness and this is more difficult to understand or recognise. In some cases resistance do not normally surface, in a change process is may appear to be minimal reaction at the start but after a week, month, or even years later. Reaction to change can build up and then explode out of proportion in responses to any change action that follows thereafter. According to Golstein(1998) and maurer(1996) resistance to change arise just because management fall to implement reward schemes, training and development , industrial relation and other board human resource processes that will reinforce the change process and assist individuals in accepting it as their own. Inline with this perspective, organisational change will not be successful unless it is owned by the senior management of the organisation. In summary a major force for the resistance to change can be classified into human and organisational sources. Individual source in more off characteristics such as perceptions, personalities and needs while that of organisation is more of the structural makeup of the organisation .Change and resistance go hand in hand: change implies resistance and resistance means that change is taking place. One of the assignments of top mangers and change mangers is to overcome resistance to change of both middle level mangers and employees. Therefore I propose a different view on resistance. The Organisational Culture Organisational culture can be refers to as to be the values and pattern of belief and behaviour that are accepted and practiced by the members of a particular organization( C.D Pringle, D.F .Jennings, and J.G. Longenecker) ,p.594 because each organisation have its own unique cultural which they have develop over time .even organisations in the same industry exhibit distinctly different ways of operating this is further explained in the paragraph below Organisational culture can either facilitate or hinder an organisational strategic action. Organisational culture reflects in the values and beliefs of the process and operations of the organisation. The purpose of organisational culture is to help firm to adapt to environmental changes and to coordinate and integrate its internal operations.(E.H Schein)1985 p.9 .For many organisations the first and major influence upon the culture is their founder, his or her foundational assumptions about success form the foundation of the organisational culture. For example the culture of McDonalds fast food was fast service first which was embedded by the founder Ray A. Kroc, who died in 1984.tildate this it still the cultural of McDonalds fast food. Yukl .P.215-216 points out, that the set of belief about a distinctive competence of the organisation is one of the important elements that make the organisational culture, which makes it different from other organisations. This belief will direct and reflect on the organisational goal and operations. For example an organisation that holds is success to innovation will response quickly to a drop in sale of new product that was introduce to the market. This type of an organisation will offer a common product at a lower price but response to any attempts to lower the cost further . This type of culture normal prevents organisations from adapting successfully to environmental change due to the ever changing need of customers. The needs of consumers are increasing as well as the environment is changing. Example people use more healthy product and environmental friendly products this day. This have cause the culture of organisations to change. In general, we can say that the foundation of an organisations culture reflects the values and beliefs of the founder. But with time the culture is modified as the environment changes. Environmental and societies change render some of the elements of the organisational culture obsolete and even dysfunctional. New elements must be included in the organisational culture and old obsolete elements be discarded for organisations to maintain their success. As seen in figure 3. Influence of a transformational leader Beliefs, values, and assumptions of the founder Adaptation to environmental change over time Current Organisational Culture Evolution of organisational culture Figure 3 the evolution of organisational culture by K.Kerwin and N.Fins Definition of culture: Many people think of culture as national culture which incorporates the idiosyncrasies of a certain race or tribe of people, traditions and methods which have been from generation to generation. Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1985) Culture is defined more broadly than just national culture, although national culture can not remove from the definition, a fact that will become evident. Culture consists of a group of group of people and contains the values that are significant to the group, be it consciously or otherwise. One clarification that national culture can develop for certain values the importance to this study, but the fact that it is part of national culture is incidental. However there is a common problem faced by all the theorists researching culture, that it is exceptionally difficult, if not impossible, to precisely define what organizational culture is. Both Schein (1992:12) and Brown (1998:12) define culture thus: [Culture is] A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think and feel in relation to those problems. Schein (1992: 12). Organisational culture refers to the pattern of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organisations history and which, tends to be manifested in its material arrangements and in the behaviour of its members. Brown (1998: 12). Hofstede (1985:347:357) has defined culture as being the collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one group or category from another. For the purpose of this study, the definition of Schein and Brown will be adopted. Corporate Culture Culture can be defined not only at the national level but also at the organisational level. This concept is known as corporate culture. The culture of an organisation defines appropriate behaviour, bond and motivates individuals and asserts solutions where there is ambiguity. It governs the way a company processes information, its internal relations and its values (Hampden-Turner C., 1990, p11) Models of Corporate Culture There are a whole host of approaches that seek to identify and qualify an organisations culture. In the main, there are two approaches that theorists use to model or explain organisational culture. These are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Qualitative observational analysis, ethnographical study. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quantitative analysis, phenomenological study. Schein (1992:17) also recognises that there are different layers of an organisations culture, which are illustrated in the Figure 4 below. ARTEFACTS Visible organisational structures and processes (hard to decipher) ESPOUSED VALUES Strategies, goals, philosophies (espoused justification) BASIC UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS Unconscious, taken-for-granted beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and feelings (ultimate source of values and action) Figure 4: Schein (1992: 17) Layers of Culture This type of assessment is a valid approach, but it does not arrive at an overall view of the observed culture and merely provides observations of specific attributes of a culture. Johnson Scholes (1999:73) make use of similar areas for observation and take it a stage further. They place these observations in context with the physical manifestation of the organisational culture to define what they call The Paradigm of an organisation. The tool they use for this is referred to as a Cultural Web. The Cultural Web is a representation of the taken-for-granted assumptions, or paradigm, of an organisation and the physical manifestation of organisational culture. Johnson Scholes (1999: 73). The Cultural Web takes the ideas of Schein (1992:17) and Hofstede (1985:344-357) and merges them into an amorphous collection of cultural indicators that help the organisation understand its complete self. It would therefore be a mistake to conceive of the paradigm as merely a set of beliefs and assumptions removed from organisational action. They lie within a Cultural Web which bonds them to the day-to-day action of organisational life. Johnson Scholes (1993: 61). Symbols Power Structures Organisa-tional structure Routines and rituals Stories The paradigm Control Systems Figure 5: Johnson Scholes (1993: 61) Cultural Web Organizational culture can be defined as the composition consists of opinions, values, attitudes and behaviours models that are useful to describe the character of the organisation members. This system, which can be found in the organization, guides people `s attitudes. Organizational culture can also be is a set of operating principles that determine how people behave in society. This form base of observable behaviour of people beliefs, values and assumptions that govern their activities. Organizational Behaviour (Barhate Mangesh 2009, p 20) Organizational culture is an essential set of beliefs, perceptions, thoughts and emotions that each member of a group takes for granted (Schein, 1992). These assumptions have become so deeply imbedded in the psyche of a culture that incongruent cultural behavior is unthinkable. The premise is difficult to change, because they are not confronted or debated (Schein, 1992). Perceptions Human beings have the ability to construct perceptions. Perceptions can be seen as selective processes, since human beings do not passively record every detail of the world presented to their senses. Selection is accomplished by active engagement with the environment and the perceiver constructs it in the most suitable informative manner. (M.Sullivan 2000.p.45) Furthermore, it steers the perceiver towards what is relevant and important for the present purpose. Reality can be seen as too complex to be known completely and categorisation can help since it assures us that we know what we need to know (Ekenvall et al 2000:13-14). Cultural Change Approaches Ranson (2001:25-26) believes that change can be planned and implemented by focusing on changing individuals and their behaviour. He proposes a three-stage process: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unfreezing the current paradigm. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Introduce change and move the culture. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Refreeze into the new paradigm Aside from the aforementioned, two major approaches to changing an organisation culture have been identified: the top down and the bottom up (Thornhill, Lewis et al., 2000:98-102).In the top down, which is sometimes referred to as the culture engineering approach (Palmer Handy 2000:37-46), it is assumed that the management and in particular the top management of an organisation has full knowledge of the desired values, norms and the behaviour expected of all organisational members to achieve success. The success stories at British Airways and other organizations are typical examples of the top down approach. Despite the reported achievements, this approach has been questioned and criticized for being strong in rhetoric but weak in practice (Watson 1996:323-342). In contrast, the bottom up approach attempts to bring about culture change in a participative and interactive manner. Under this approach, one or few pilot units or sections become the focal point for culture change. The lessons learned in the pilot units, which eventually become role models, are used to spread the desired changes to other parts of the organization. The bottom top approach provides greater opportunities for employee involvement in culture change. This approach brings about unified teams and commitment because of regular meetings between staff and management, working across teams rather than functional silos and sharing information and knowledge across all groups. According to Peter Drucker,(2008) One of the main tasks of management should be in making people capable of joint performance, to make their weaknesses irrelevant. This will create harmony in working together, equilibrium in thoughts and actions, goals and achievements, plans and performance, products and clients. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this chapter I would relate the force field theories in an in depth study to the problem of accepting the PACE project ,which would help in finding the driving forces and the resist forces to change and would help determine how the preferred PACE project . However as mentioned in the various literatures, for the management of an organisation which is reacting to, or planning to change will be faced with forces acting to facilitate the change and forces acting against it. Thus this force are important for any type of changes, they form the frame work for transformational change.

Vincent van Gogh :: Essays Papers

Vincent van Gogh Vincent Van Goeh drew the painting, which is portrait of him. He drew himself as a red haired guy with gray shirt. In the picture, there is only himself and gray background. Gray background is making circle motions composed with thin lines. You can see a lot of circles in the background. His hair, bears, and eyelashes are colored with red. His hair and bears are not trimmed. His eyes are small and dark looking right at me. His shirt is gray and very old one. I touched his lips and all I felt was cold, firm paper. By the oily smell, I guessed he used oil colors. I couldn't hear or feel any sound as if he want to show me what silence is. I wanted to try to kiss him to feel the taste, but didn't want to get caught. He looked at mirror and found a subject he was looking for to draw. He carefully observed the man in the mirror. The man looked angry and tried. His lips are sealed as if he does not have anything to say. Silence was the man's only company. He had pens, pencils, canvas and everything to draw. He started with pencil. He drew the man, his hair, his eyes, his ear, and his shirts. He colored the man. He looked at the mirror again. He saw the man, and there was something missing. He gave colors on the air of the background. He carefully chose gray color, and filled the background. He finally touched his eyes to express the man's anger, or any feelings he had. I was walking without any concentration about the paintings on the wall. I stopped not because I found an interesting piece, but because he caught my eyes. His eyes were dark, and angry. They were looking right at me.